فصلنامه فضای جغرافیایی
پیاپی 70 (تابستان 1399)

Actual evapotranspiration is one of the most important components of hydrology for water managers. Given the importance of this parameter, measuring of that is facing with many restrictions. But by developing of remote sensing sciences, the spatial and temporal problems can be largely solved. The aim of this study is estimating the actual evapotranspiration of Pistachio trees in Rafsanjan plain. In this study, the MODIS satellite images and SEBAL algorithm are used to estimate the rate of actual evapotranspiration in water year of 1387-1388. Then, due to lack of observational data for evapotranspiration, the estimated reached from satellite images was compared with daily potential values of Penman-Monteith FAO56 and also was compared with monthly values of evaporation pan data and reported amounts by national water document of Iran. Finally these values within the obtained amounts of evapotranspiration from balance area were pursued. It is worth noting that first of all the flowchart algorithm used in this research was validated and calibrated by use of observational electronic weighing lysimeter data located in Shahid Bahonar University field. In Rafsanjan plain, results showed that the rate of evaporation of pistachio orchards in year of 2008 was about 502.32 mm. this amounts of evapotranspiration indicates that pistachio is almost suitable for the region but it seems due to lower rainfall, the only factor of the underground water level reduction is digging illegal wells to increase cultivation areas.

Rapid detection and investigation of volume and scale fires, is a critical element to control such natural disasters. Therefore in current research synoptic pattern of forests fires of Golestan province was investigated. For this purpose were collected the information related to the distribution of temporal and spatial level fires from the Department of Natural Resources of Golestan province in the period (1390-1384) and the days in which the fire was mentioned by natural causes were identified. Then the synoptic patterns of the region at the time of occurrence of fire to extract and track their movements were tracked using Lagrangian algorithm. In the next step by using principal component analysis, were identified prevailing types in mentioned level in the event of pervasive fires. The results showed that at the time of occurrence of fires in the study area are 4 pattern of rule. The first pattern is omega-shaped blocking in longitude between 40 and 70 degrees east and latitude 30 and 70 degrees north, the second pattern is very deep trough on the West side of Russia and the Middle East, The third pattern formed relatively deep trough in the West Black Sea and dragged it to lower latitudes And the fourth pattern is a barrier with height of the center 5800 geo potential meters on Iran.

The southern coast of Caspian Sea is considered the wettest part of Iran. It is a major center of agriculture and tourism and is regarded as a great geomorphological entity in the area. In the southern coasts of Caspian Sea, rainfall, as the most important climatic element, has a complicated temporal and spatial distribution. One of the major factors that influence rainfall in this region is climate changes. The current study attempts to investigate the impact of climate changes on rainfall in the southern coasts of Caspian Sea. For this purpose, rainfall data related to 32 Rain gauges were collected from the Ministry of Energy and data related to the global climatic model (AOGCM)were collected from the American climate change website. In addition, data related to HADCM3 model were obtained from the Canadian website CCCSN. The data underwent quality control and their validity was investigated. Then, stations having records for more than 30 years were selected. After the preparation of the data, SDSM model and A2 and B2 Emission scenarios were used for the purpose of downscaling rainfall data. Findings of the study on rainfall data showed that NCEP model has a higher conformity to the observed rainfall data in estimating the amount of rainfall. The estimations made by A2 and B2 scenarios are close to the observed rainfall, except for the months with very higher or very lower rainfall than the average amount documented in the stations under investigation. The model showed a higher degree of error in months with higher rainfall (such as in the fall) compared to months with lower rates of rainfall. The highest variance of NCEP and HADCM3 models occurred in the fall (when maximum amounts of rainfall occurs) or in months in which sudden rainfalls have been documented in the areas investigated. Based on the analysis performed in the study , autumn total received rainfall in the region will increase. So for detailed planning and proper use from received precipitation it is necessary that use results of such researches .

One of the basic human needs for the life of the security, much of it Shape of security in residential spaces. The researchers believe that factors such as social, economic, cultural, etc. are effective in creating a sense of security, among which we can mention the physical effects can be mentioned. The purpose of this study was to investigate physical factors affecting the sense of security of villagers in rural settlements on Binaloud County, using the approach "Crime Prevention through Environmental Design" or CPTED. This study is an applied one conducted in a descriptive-analytical method. In order to evaluate the factors affecting physical security, the opinions of 16 experts to estimate the level of physical security feeling the villagers, residents of 8 villages were questioning Binalud County, that of rural households in 5766, the sample size of 190 households were selected method stratified random sampling. In this study, using fuzzy hierarchical analysis were determined impact factors 9 index affecting the safety of the physical environment villagers and it was determined that quality passages factor with 24.3 percent had the greatest impact on the safety of the physical environment. Then, based on rank correlation analysis model GRA, rural settlements were ranked in terms of emotions and physical security, the results showed that the Virani village have been conditions better than other sample villages and has been ranked first in terms of the sense of physical security, and Sarasiab village is at the lowest level of physical security is felt. One sample T-test results showed unsuitable conditions are indicators of quality of streets and visual proportions in selected villages, and Suitable conditions indices vegetation cover and informal monitoring to increase the sense of physical security.

Land hazards and Geomorphic hazards are ones of the most important natural hazards that annually cause financial looses and health damages in all countries of the world, especially in Iran. These disasters damage infrastructures, important roads and facilities and cause asset losses, disrupting planning, increasing fatalites and injuries. Therefore, rating the vulnerability of habitats is very important for managing  risks and reducing damages that caused by it, so this issue is one of the priorities of each country. In this study, 3 geomorphical hazards that are including Landslide (using Entropy model), Earthquack (using AHP model) and Flood are considered. Finally by using Taxonomic model the townsips of Fars province basis of vulnerability are ranked and Kazeroon, Lar, Shiraz and Neiriz, respectively, are at the greater risks, also there is a relationship between geomorphic charactristics and geomorphic hazards that it could damage these regions so according to the results all Landslides are occurred in convex regions and 80 percent of Earthquackes are occurred in convex regions. A bout Flood hazard, 90 percent of Flood zones are overlayed on concave. so it can be concluded that the convex domains are more vulnerable to earthquake and landslide and concave slopes are more vulnerable for floods.

Remote sensing provides a variety of data and useful resources for forest mapping. Today, one of the most common uses in forestry is the identification of trees and tree species using object-based analysis and classification of satellite or aerial images. This research focuses on the identification of the canopy of trees at the individual level. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of high resolution WorldView-2 satellite imagery obtained in 2014 for mapping trees with nonparametric classification methods in the surrounding forests of Shiraz. In the current study, assessment of forest parameters were performed with the focus on the extraction of single trees using two classification methods, Object-Based and support vector analysis, verified with complexity matrix and area under operating characteristic curve (AUC) methods with the help of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV) aerial imagery of Phantom 4 aircraft obtained in 2018 in two separate regions. After making the necessary corrections on satellite imagery, forest and non-forest classes were defined and educational samples were selected. The classification results indicate that the Object-Based classification has the highest accuracy in assessing the parameters of single trees, and after that the support vector is placed. The results of regression analysis indicated that using WV-2 images (R2= 0.97) was suitable for estimating canopy area on the city. Based on our results, it can be concluded that considering the high accuracy and quick interpretation of satellite images, WV-2 images can be reliable alternatives for ground survey method in measuring tree canopies in cities with similar forest structure. This study confirms that it is possible to extract the parameters of single trees in the forest using WV-2 sensor data.

According to population growth and increasing immigration to cities; urban regions uncontrollable development, creating new residence, reducing human welfare and outbreak of many problems specially in developing countries; we feel attention necessity in urban development proposals optimum pattern preparing, changing static survey and traditional form to flexible, participation, strategic, guideline surveys. So in current research, we follow Structural- guideline plans feasibility in directing metropolitan urban development at Tabriz metropolitan. Current research methodology is applied in aim viewpoint and it is analytical- descriptive based on nature and method. Statistical societies of current research include managers, experts, University and academic elites in urban problems and barriers at Tabriz metropolitan. Sample size was estimated 200 persons based on snowball sampling method. In order to research data analysis; SWOT and SOAR strategic models and structural equations method were applied in Amos software. Research results showed that basic principal at Tabriz metropolitan development directing in recognition structural-guidelines plans planning system and urban management have 0/93 score and also economical and political ranking are 0/85 and 0/72 scores respectively. Among options transferring variables and part of decision making and deciding responsibilities in low levels (local form); attention to people role in preparing and proposal issuing; attention to facilities- financial power, municipality arrangement as plan implementation leverages have the most scores which they are 0/91 , 0/85 , 0/82 respectively.

Regarding the importance of entrepreneurship especially among rural women and its effects on the economic and social development of today’s societies, explaining the status of entrepreneurial motivation indices (progress) among rural women, as well as identifying factors that can be effective in strengthening these indices, is of great importance. Moreover, investigating this subject in villages of Kurdistan province as one of the less developed regions of Iran considering the economic and employment problems can be regarded as the first stages of study about entrepreneurship; because understanding the status of progress motivation and its affecting factors among rural women entrepreneurs in the area under study can help rural development in different dimensions. Therefore, considering the above cases and in line with entrepreneurship development among rural women of Kurdistan Province, the aim of this study is the analysis of affecting factors on entrepreneurial motivation (progress) among rural women of Kurdistan province; in this regard the present study faces with the following fundamental questions: 1- What factors affect entrepreneurial motivation (progress) among women living in rural areas of Kurdistan province?2- How effective are each of the determining factors of the entrepreneurial motivation index (progress) among women living in rural areas of Kurdistan province?   

  In this study, for collecting literature of the subject and review of literature, library studies, articles and the studies related to the subject of the study were used and for the other part of the required information, questionnaire and field study has been used. Validity of the research instrument were evaluated and confirmed as convergent by consulting experts and university professors (face validity). For measuring the reliability, combined reliability coefficients (more than 7/0) and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha (more than 7/0) were used, and if these coefficients are appropriate, then the research tool is reliable. The statistical population of this study were all women entrepreneurs living in rural areas of Kurdistan province (Sanandaj, Marivan, Saqez and Baneh). The studied sample were determined considering the existing limitations and using Bartlett et al. (2001) table; 100 women (women entrepreneurs) by using a random stratified sampling method and appropriate assignment among the considered women entrepreneurs were selected and the necessary information was collected.     Method The present research is considered as an applied research in terms of its purpose. On the other hand, according to the data collection method, this research is classified as descriptive (non-experimental) research among the various methods of descriptive research, the method of this research is a type of correlation research that is specifically based on the structural equation model.  In this study, both descriptive statistics (frequency, frequency percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (correlation analysis, regression, and structural equation model) were used to analyze the data. In this regard, in order to increase the accuracy of data analysis, related softwares such as SPSS and Smart PLS have been used.